It certainly looks to be made from a vernier caliper, judging be the internal measuring ends, both fixed and sliding.
My guess is that it’s actually two items that have been combined.
The base and the scriber + clamp are from the original height gauge, likely a vernier itself.
The main column was a separate vernier caliper, now re-purposed.
If the base was fully hard, which is quite likely, then rather than machine out the groove, the caliper was thinned on a surface grinder to fit the groove in the base.
No need to keep the scale on it, as it would now be completely wrong, since the caliper is mounted end on in the base.
I have a spare base that I’ve been wondering how to utilise, and was thinking about using it with an adapted cheap Lidl digital caliper, but not yet got around to it; mine has a couple of marks on the other side, where a previous owner has tried drilling it, rather than using the clamp bolt.
Again a quick lash-up for a photo, with a small Benson vernier caliper to show the rounded internal measuring ends.
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Bill