There has always been a tradeoff between performance, fuel consumption and emissions, going back decades. They require different conditions, not least because the fuel ratio for maximum power differs to that for maximum economy. We keep hearing about how manufacturers have designed the latest vehicle for improved performance, emissions, economy and refinement. Really – what's new? Simply the technology (mainly electronics and software) to enable better control.
Modern engine management systems are considerably more complex than the system you describe. The Euro 6 standards require multiple fuel injections per event (and per cylinder). There are typically something like 5 different injection phases for every explosion, which requires incredible fuel rail pressures (named "common rail" in diesel systems for some reason) and piezo injectors to achieve the precise timing and duration. There are "quite a few" more than 4 maps in these things (more than a dozen) and the "user manual" is several inches thick – and that's just for the vehicle manufacturer to program and calibrate their vehicle. The EMS in question seems to be the Bosch EDC16 (and possibly EDC17?) which is also used by other OEMs outside of the VAG group.
There are all sorts of additional technologies on modern diesels like exhaust gas recirculation, diesel particular filters, urea injection etc. Depending what is fitted to these engines will determine what options they have to recalibrate them to meet Euro 6 without unduly impacting the other qualities. It's likely to affect fuel consumption and possibly performance, lifetime and refinement. Time will tell.
There seems to be confusion about the term "emissions", particularly relating to CO2. Generally speaking, when you burn 1kg of carbon in the form of fuel, you end up wth 1kg of carbon in the by products. The amount of carbon in the CO and particulates produced is fairly small, so in simple terms, CO2 emissions are directly related to fuel consumption. They are measured using a different method to the emissions (NOx, CO, particulates etc) but otherwise, the only way to change the CO2 emissions is to improve the fuel consumption.
Lots of hot air and half truths being vented, inevitably. To me, the question is whether Bosch provided this feature for the other OEMs and if so did any of them abuse it too. Presumably that will come out eventually.
Murray