I have copies of Nepean Longridge’s ‘The Anatomy of Nelson’s Navy’, and Chris Henry’s “Napoleonic Naval Armaments”.
First call though was on internet images of the guns on HMS Victory, which show examples of carriages in plain wood, a few painted red, many in yellow ochre, and – maybe – one in black.
I don’t believe the Royal Navy had a standard paint scheme during the age of sail, and captains were free to colour their ships as they pleased. I’d bet money gun metalwork was all painted black for corrosion protection, apart from that the colour scheme was open. Many would use government paint issued to keep the ship in good order, but a rich captain might go for more bling – gold leaf on the figurehead etc.
‘The Anatomy of Nelson’s Navy’ is actually about building a first class model of HMS Victory. The book is mildly depressing on the subject of guns, pointing out it’s easy enough to turn one on a lathe, but much harder to make 28 identical models. As this is a serious model, the guns needed to carry the royal cypher. Most early cannon included decorations in the castings, and as these are rarely reproduced by modellers, Inspector Meticulous has plenty of ammunition. Not so with colour, though. As far as I can tell ‘The Anatomy of Nelson’s Navy’, which is otherwise packed with details, has no advice on painting guns.
“Napoleonic Naval Armaments” is a little more forthcoming. HMS Inconstant, a frigate, was allowed: 44 gallons of Down’s Black; 44 gallons White, 44 gallons Red, and no Yellow. So whilst some carriages on HMS Victory today are painted yellow, and might have been at Trafalgar, it’s unlikely any of the guns on HMS Inconstant were painted yellow.
Gun-decks being gloomy places make painting everything white advantageous. But white has poor coverage; yellow spreads better, then Black, and Red Lead is best of all. What was available and expedient may have decided what was done, for example I can imagine ships starting by painting gun carriages with proper white paint, and thereafter tarting up them with ordinary whitewash until the next refit. Or someone deciding to use red paint to hide the blood during battle! (A real problem: lots of tough guys swoon at the sight of blood.)
Confident that no historic rules were being ignored, I’d go for what looks best to me, red lead, or yellow ochre,
Dave