Hi Alan ,
On no account heat your table up to weld or silver solder – you would wreck it and the total regrind that would be nescessary to repair would be difficult and expensive .
For round holes make cast iron dowels and press or bond them in . When firm carefully dress them back to table surface .
For significant digs and slots clean them up to some simple clean shape and make a shaped piece of cast iron to fit . If it is a self holding shape bond it in . If not self holding then bond in and back up with specially made cast iron pins or screws . Design screws as countersink head such that any slot gets cut away during dressing process just leaving a bit of the cone .
Wheeltappers iron dust in Araldite is good for filling smaller holes and odd scrapes . Ready made compounds are available for this purpose .
Dressing back is a precision operation . In the absence of surface grinder file down to about ten thou proud using a shim filing guard and then use scraper and surface plate to finish dead flush .
In an older style large workshop you would always find things that had been 'pegged' to repair damage or sometimes just to fill casting flaws in new work . Lots of high quality rotary tables have pegs in them – usually so well done that you would have to look very hard to find them .
MikeW