As Nick says these are used in jig borers to accurately set distances. Often toolroom class milling machines had a trough on the front of the table to carry them when doing accurate work. Even Bridgeports had an accessory to enable their use.
The adjustable heads are nominal 3.625" long. They should be set to read 3.625" on zero by the usual method of turning the micrometer sleeve. However some firms preferred to leave the sleeve in a fixed poistion and note the error. My set, obtained for a specific maybe job but never used, has calibration labels for the two heads. One says 3.6258 an one 3.6250. If I ever use them I shall sort that so both are calibrated to 3.6250
The length bars should be accurate to ± 0.00005" at standard temperature. That equates to less than 0.0001 error band. No idea why you are measuring one or 2 thou over. That said out in the real world you'd expect regular calibration with last time details to be in the box
These would normally be used with a tenths thou indicator. See the picture half way down this page :-
**LINK** , http://www.lathes.co.uk/bridgeport/page3.html for the Bridgeport accessory set up.
Clive
PS Nick sent a very interesting link whilst I was typing making the above post pretty much redundant! I've grabbed the P&W information from Nicks link too.
Edited By Clive Foster on 26/04/2021 16:18:49