Nick,
I think you have demonstrated my point regarding small model boiler calculations. The author talks about a safety factor of 6 or maybe 10. Then you say that the a letter suggested 5000 rather than 7000 be used in the equation – so why bother at all?
I think that small copper boilers are quite well established regarding plate and tube sizes and that is all based on many years of successful use. There is absolutely nothing wrong with successful historical information being used because it works.
I think we should avoid trying to suggest some kind of design engineering in taking place by throwing some equations about when there s clearly no sound basis.
Phil H