Hello David, sounds like you have a "Real Bull" manufactured mini lathe? A version of which i have also have.
If so, i've always found it easy to stall in high gear & yes it does make some strange noises when that happens~ doesn't seem to have a trip out~ i hit the stop button as quickly as possible.
From your post it sounds as if you are quite conversant with it's capabilities & a 10 thou cut in "Hi" normally works for you?
DOC does rather depend on work diameter? which you haven't stated~ i'd expect a stall likely on a 10 thou cut in steel in low gear if i was turning 4" to 5" dia steel.
I Hope that isn' too much teaching grandpa to suck eggs.
I would check out Davids suggestion, if only to eliminate it from your enquirys. You can chip a gear tooth off & it runs perfectly fine in one gear & 'seems' to run in the other.
Both motor brushes should be easily acessible once you remove the motor cover~ disconnect the power first
( ask me how i know!) so you can then compare the length/condition with the 'new' spec.
Wouldn't hurt to clean up the stator with some alcohol dipped cotton buds while your at it to remove any excess accumulated carbon dust.