Jason,
Your description of the lathe gearbox is very much as I suspected, plaving variations on the tune set by the changewheels.
As to being self taught, effectively I am.
After leaving the Training School, I did not lay hands on a machine tool for another 25 years or so, and that was only tho pull down the clutch lever on a Cincinatti vertical "To shown the nightshift". Apart from that, during my time in industry, I was a spectator, seeing all sorts of machines from big planers, down to small benchtop lathes, but never laying hands on…
Eventually, I got a fairly well used Myford ML7 and began to awaken memories and get practical experience, (aided by my training notes from Apprentice days ).
having an engineering background, was obviously, a huge help.
But Experience is a good, if sometimes hard, teacher.
Sam
Hopefully, you will get your head around setting changewheels for different feed rates and thread pitches. It will become clear as time goes on.
In a few years time, you will be familiar with he lathe and how to use it and on the way to becoming an old hand.
Keep at it.
Howard