The build up of limescale is a function of the heating of hard water, a Wicki page on Lime scale gives some interesting detail about deposition of lime scale according to temperature rise.
The 50 C temperature is what a domestic house water heater operates at and is obviously pertinent to what we are talking about here. Then again a train boiler operates at a much higher temperature so it is necessary to treat the water in such cases. rain water excepted of course.
A kettle furrs up because the heat boils out the limescale and it is deposited on the structure of the kettle and the element. One posting mentions caves and stalagmites that are deposited and grow but are made from cold water seeping down through rock and absorbing calcites. This could in fact be rainwater which is then loaded with calcite and takes millenia to filter through and cause deposition. Hardly what i was talking about.
Clive