My guess for the countersunk screws is that they would be M6. (6 x 1 mm pitch )
The screws that you get in this country might very well be better quality than those that you have removed.
With regard nto the stud for the QCTP being threaded at both ends, obviously, the longer thread is intended for the locking handle.
You need to measure diameters and lengths of all the parts.
This leaves the question of the shorter thread at the bottom end.
What size is the serrated part of the original bolt?
If it is smaller than the stud, you may be able to tap out the hole.
MAY is the operative word. Hopefully the new stud is M8 or M10., (Check with a nut ), and the serrated portion of the original bolt is smaller, 6.8mm will allow the hole to be tapped out to M8, or 8.5 mm to tap out to M10.
If this is not possible, you are looking to open up the hol;e and then bush it, so that it can be tapped to suit the thread on the bottom end of the stud.,
This puts you into the Catch 22, of needing a lathe to make the bushing. And to open up the bore in the baseplate.
So the original set up will need to be reinstated for some of this work.
The alternative would be to turn up a bush with a bnore to match the existing bolt, and an OD to match the bore of the QCTP. But it might be a very thin wall, and the lengths may not be suitable..
Don't go past the point of no return, until you are certain of what you are doing
Do NOT rush!
Howard