Our mechanical workshop at the Lab uses those big metal chest of drawers like machine mart sell. The ddrawers have dividers so all the bigger stuff goes in a decision. When you get to smaller sizes various glass screw top jars are used with the deciders denoting the species and the jar tops labled as to specifics like nylon nuts or 12mm M4 cap etc. No Whitworth fasteners are stocked or BA but a small collection of American threads are kept.
In the Electronics workshop we use Racco drawers for M2 to M6 plated brass fixings in slot pan head countersunk and instrument screws of various lengths along with the relevant nuts and washers. This takes up 3 rack units.
Other fixings are by assortment in flat assortment trays kept stacked on a shelf.
I think the important thing is to stock what you need most of and by everything else as and when. Choose a set size for jigs and fixtures, say M6 and M10 and keep a small supply of threaded rod for longer stretches.
Everything else should go in assorter trays and stacked to save space.
As for the main stock Racco for smaller sizes or metal drawers as above if you have the room.
Above all be a bit ruthless otherwise things can get out of hand.
regards Martin