Hi Michael G ,
About 30 years ago, our Daughter wanted a Calculator for use at School.
Beastly Dad insisted that she must explain the working principle of Multiplication and Division on a Slide Rule, before she could have a Calculator !
Apart from modern electronic calculators it's interesting to think about calculating methods of earlier times :
Fingers .
Counting wheels with or without gearing and more complicated gear devices .
Simple bead frame or more advanced abacus .
Counting stones , tablets and cards with different values for different sizes/shapes .
Counting board with pegs / markers or chalk .
Arrays of stones on the ground .
Counting sticks with notches / knotted strings
Writen arithmetic on paper / backboard / sand / clay .
Mental arithmetic .
Look up tables and Ready Reckoner – calcs tediously done by scholars and then published for general use . Many of these over centuries for simple sums , finance , science , astronomy and engineering . Later logs and trig .
Charts , graphs and nonograms . (Various spellings)
Standing stones (?)
I'm sure that there are many more .
Regards ,
Michael Williams .
Edited By MICHAEL WILLIAMS on 02/03/2013 08:48:50