It is possible to cut a tapered thread with a taper attachment on a lathe.
It would be possible to set a bar at the back of the lathe at the correct half angle for the taper, disconnect the cross slide and use a strong spring to pull a roller or follower attached to the cross slide against the bar. Put on the cut with the compound slide.
Even better than the spring, mount the tool at the back of the stock and the cutting force will always push the follower into contact with the fixed bar.
Offset the tailstock (perhaps by means of a boring head mounted in the taper and a centre in the place where the boring tool would go) so the face of the cone is parallel to the lathe's travel. You might need ball centres or a bell centre drill at both ends as the taper angle would be relatively big, and you would need a driving arrangement at the chuck end that ensures uniform angular velocity (I think it is called a compensating drive dog). That would give you a very skewed thread, but in this application, it would not matter.
I believe there were some lathes made where the power cross feed could be engaged at the same time as the longitudinal feed.