It looks like a Bell Chuck, often used by the clock making fraternity..
I have both internal and external varieties, which are pulled back onto a taper to either close or expand the work holder.
In my case, the closer and expander had external 26 tpi Britsih Standard Brass threads, so adaptors mhad to be made so that a 3/8 BSW drawbar would do the pulling to close / open.
Not being a clock maker, my heretical misuse for them is making / modifying / thinning washers!
Howard.